You do understand that when this "new" tax of VAT was introduced, it replaced the "old" tax of Purchase Tax, don't you?
You do also understand that it
still "isn't across the board"? Some (most) items are standard rate, some are reduced rate, some are zero rate and some are exempt (and I'll explain the difference between those last two if anyone cares enough to want to know).
We cab argue about the impact of VAT compared to purchase tax, but it'll get complex. For a start, you need to look at the exact type of purchase tax (often known as sales tax), because it can hit multiple times. If I, as a business, buy goods in a store under a sales tax, then either I have to establish (if the system allows it) that I'm not an end buyer, or when I sell goods on, I have to charge that sales tax again. So .... I buy £100 of goods and pay 10% sales tax, meaning they cost me £110. I add £10 profit (base for tax is now £120) and then add sales tax when I sell them to you, so £120 +10% = £132.
Break that down ....
- goods £100
- my profit £10
- sales tax £10 (first lot) + £12 (second lot) = £22.
If it was VAT, at current rates, it'd be £110 + VAT = £110 + £19.25 meaning a total of £129.25.
And if you add in two or three more stages to that, then purchase tax results in prices being a LOT higher. It makes again direct comparison at least without detailed knowledge and a lot of data, absolutely meaningless.
So .... unless you understand the exact structure of the mechanics a sales tax, and some are
retail sales tax and some aren't, you can end up with the situation where a 10% sales tax costs the consumer
more, and possibly a LOT more, than a 17.5% VAT rate.
And the complexities don't stop there. What about the potential for either fraud or tax evasion? VAT is far less susceptible to fraud that purchase/sales tax
but does open itself to some sophisticated (and large scale) frauds, like the carousel trick. Again, I'll explain if anyone wants, but it's fairly complex, and if done right, results in huge suns being involved.
And there's numerous other factors, not least of which is the complexity and impact on business. VAT law is hugely complex, and consumers are paying for the staff firms have to employ to deal with that. But the motivation of such complexity is correct. A simple, unstructured VAT is very regressive. Much of the complexity comes directly from trying to make it less regressive by exempting "essentials", like foodstuffs, clothing, etc. But when is clothing a necessity and when is it a luxury. We might argue that a shirt is a necessity, but a £200 Jermyn Street custom-tailored 180 thread-per-inch double-cuff monogrammed item is a luxury (and, it is
) .... but they're both shirts. And to quote a very famous VAT case, is a Jaffa cake a cake (VAT zero-rated "essential" foodstuff) or a chocolate covered biscuit (a standard-rated luxury).
So you're right, we didn't have VAT until 1973 (and we can thank the EEC for having it now, the 6th Directive having made it a requirement of joining the EEC/EU that it was introduced), but we did have Purchase Tax before that, and don't any more. Introducing VAT didn't increase the
number of taxes we had, and to calculate the effect, you've got to look at a whole lot more than just rates. Also, while VAT rates have gone up and down (mainly up) over the years, we still (currently) have one of the lowest rates in the EU, at 17.5%, though that is about to change in January when it goes to 20%, but even that is not a direct comparison, as many of the things we have zero-rated or exempt in the UK, like books and magazines, aren't in many other countries, like France.
Comparing the impact of VAT between similar countries, in the present time, is nowhere near as simple as just comparing rates, because you also have to look at the rules and how they bite, and current tax bible rules on VAT exceeds 3000 pages. You certainly can't do simplistic comparisons between two completely different tax systems, with a 40-year time gap between them.