In a typical peer review procedure, scientists write articles and submit them to a
scientific journal. The journal editor sends the article to several referees, all of
them experts in the authors’ field (“peers”). Most peer review is “blind,”
meaning that referees do not know the authors’ identity. (Not all journals
conform to this standard.) In most cases, the referees’ identity is kept secret from
the author. However, some journal editors, like myself (SHS), encourage referees
to reveal themselves. Since many scientific communities are quite small, referees
and authors can often guess each other’s identity.
Referees may recommend acceptance, rejection, or acceptance after certain
specified changes are made (“revise and resubmit”). The last of these responses
is by far the most common. The authors then rewrite their article in response to
the reviewers, and the editor serves as referee. The process usually goes back and
forth several times, with several rounds of revision, until a suitable compromise
is achieved among reviewers, authors and the editor. A similar process is
normally applied to grant proposals.