Any version of Linux will allow you to do this. The software you specifically need is called Samba, is provided with all distributions, and provides SMB shares (what Windows uses for networked file sharing).
Shares can be set up to require authentication - best done by a users Windows username/password to allow seamless connections, or can be unauthenticated "guest" access.
Most Linux distributions include a GUI configuration tool for Samba that makes it no harder than setting up Windows file sharing, for example.
Hope that helps