Actually, no, it's rather more complex than that.
Liquidation is a process whereby the intent is to sell off assets, pay of creditors and shut the company down. There's essentially three types: creditors voluntary, member's voluntary and compulsory. In the middle (member's) case, the company is solvent and may well be viable, but the owners have decided to pay off creditors, sell the assets, distribute the remainder and cease trading. It's a vehicle for a shut-down, perhaps because the owners are retiring, or moving abroad, or just doing something else.
Rather different to that are creditor's voluntary and compulsory liquidations. The compulsory liquidation comes directly from a court winding up order, issued because a company either can't or won't pay debts, by which I mean either statutory demands (tax bills, etc) or if a court judgement over a debt remains unsatisfied (and is more than £750), and is issued because the court is satisfied the company is insolvent. The Official Receiver oversees the winding up.
Then there's creditors voluntary. In that case, again the initiative comes from directors and shareholders, and it happens because they believe the company is insolvent. It would, of course, be illegal to trade knowing that. So, the company prepares a report, calls a creditors meeting and tries to get creditors to agree to the appointment of a liquidator, which will be an insolvency practitioner, like an accountant, not the Official Receiver.
That's liquidation.
Then there's administrative receivership, which to be honest, is going out of fashion. This is someone appointed by a major creditor (as a result of the power contained in a debenture) as a result of payment default on that debenture. The administrative receiver (who is often sloppily referred to as an administrator) takes over the company and runs in
in the interests of the debenture holder who appointed him. Again, it's an insolvency practitioner, not the Official Receiver, and the object of the ad-receiver's work is to get the debenture repaid. If it is, then
once satisfied, control goes back to the directors and shareholders, who can then resume normal operations, subject to the company still being solvent, of course.
And then there's "administration", which is not the same as an administrative receivership.
The primary purpose of administration is
protection from creditors, while attempts are made to restructure and revive the company, and the overt objective is company survival. Whilst a company is in administration, creditors can't do much. But, and it's a fairly significant but, any debenture holder with the power to appoint an administrative receiver must be notified of the application for administration and can step in and appoint an administrative receiver first. So you need their agreement to go down the administration route. Then, and providing you can satisfy the court, the administration order is granted by the court. This is unlike the administrative receivership which is the debenture holders option and serving their interests, and unlike creditor's voluntary liquidation, where though both creditor's voluntary liquidation and administration are initiated by the company, the former is with a view to liquidation and the latter is explicitly to protect the company from creditor's action, perhaps while a CVA (basically, a debt restructuring program) is organised.
If a company continues to trade while insolvent, the directors may find themselves subject to legal action as a result. If, however, they can put together a proposal that shows a realistic way to get the company out of trouble, meeting debts and still end up trading, then the court will probably agree the administration. Prior to that, a single creditor, and often for fairly small amounts of money, could commence a process that was essentially like pulling out a bottom card from a house of cards, with the result that the whole edifice collapsed .... and often entirely unnecessarily. Administration provides a breathing space, where the court protects the company by preventing creditor actions (and freezing existing ones) while the "restructuring" takes place.
Administration is broadly similar in scope and objective to the US Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. It's designed to prevent companies that could be saved being taken down by what may well be short-sighted and self-interested action by creditors
provided realistic scope for getting out of the mess exists.
Anyone still awake out there?
Helloooo?