http://elite-dangerous.wikia.com/wiki/Ships
Sidewinder - quick, fairly agile but no real heavy offence or defence for that matter.
Eagle - lightweight fighter, bit quicker and more agile than Sidewinder, brilliant canopy visibility, 3 hard points. Very weak though, and super limited jump range at the moment.
Hauler - slowish, and very weak offensively. Ideal smuggling ship.
Cobra - do it all ship. 4 hard points, decent shields and good pace.
Viper - Heavy fighter. Crazy fast (500 on boost), turns like an angry terrier and has 4 hard points. Only 8 cargo and limited jump range.
Type 6 - Medium Freighter, fairly sluggish but huge jump range and lots of space for goods
Type 9 - biggest ship you can currently fly, crazy expensive and armoured like a tank. Loads of cargo room, but no agility whatsoever.
Anaconda - Even more crazy expensive, but loads of hard points and can be kitted out with some of the biggest weaponry for dishing out a serious smack down. Not particularly manoeuvrable but still loads of cargo space, the Anaconda is the large scale 'do it all' ship